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2009年4月25日星期六

《Bencao gangmu shiyi》by Zhao Xue Min(1765)






学敏(约1719-1805) 字恕轩,号依吉,浙江钱塘(今杭州)人。其父曾任永春司马,迁龙溪知县。乾隆间(1736-1795)下沙大疫,其父延医合药,赖以生者数万人。学敏与弟学楷,皆承父命读儒学医。学敏博览群书,凡家藏星历、医术、药学之书,无不潜心研究,每有所得,即汇钞成帙,积稿数千卷。家有“养素园”,为试验种药之地,以察形性:有“利济堂”,是诊病疗疾之所,兄弟寝食其间,治疗多效。族人赵柏云为走方医,出所用有效方授之,学敏又合平生所录奇方,著成《串雅内编》、《串雅外编》(1759撰)各四卷,其一千众条方或法。乾隆三十(1765年),又成《本草纲目拾遗》,补阙拾遗,为一代名著。赵氏另有著作多种,惜乎仅成以上二书。

《本草纲目拾遗》(公元1765年,清乾隆30年)是赵学敏编著。

本书是在《本草纲目》刊行100余年之后编著的。其目的是拾《本草纲目》之遗。全书共10卷,载药921种,其中《本草纲目》未收载的有716种,绝大部分是民间药,如冬虫夏草、鸦胆子、太子参等,还有一些外来药品,如金鸡纳(奎林)、日精油、香草、臭草等。本书除拾《本草纲目》之遗以外,并对《纲目》所载药物备而不详的,加以补充,错误处给予订正。本书体例与《纲目》类似,除未列人部外,另加藤、花两类,并把“金石”部分为两部。

本书是继李时珍《本草纲目》后,对药学的再一次总结。












《本草纲目拾遗》-内容

《本草纲目拾遗》成书于乾隆三十年(1765年),又经过卅多年的增订工作,使之更完备。初刊于同治三年(1864年)。《本草纲目拾遗》实际是李时珍《本草纲目》的续篇。全书十卷,按水、火、土、金、石、草、木、藤、花、果、谷、蔬、器用、禽、兽、鳞、介、虫分类,引经据典(涉及的文献多达六百余种,)对《本草纲目》的药物加以补充和订正,增录了药物七百一十六种,吸收了不少民间药物(约有五百一十一种)和外来药物(部分取自传教士石振铎译著的《本草补》),内容十分丰富,为中医药学增添了大量的用药新素材。还在书首列“正误”一篇,纠正《本草纲目》中的误记和疏漏达数十条。它对研究《本草纲目》和明代以来药物学的发展,是一部十分重要的参考书。它是清代最重要的本草著作,一直受到海内外学者的重视。

十卷,依据《本草纲目》的体例分为水、火、土、金、石、草、木、藤、花、果、谷、蔬、器用、禽、鳞介、虫等部,删去了人部、而增加了藤部、花部。共收载药品921种,其中纲目未记载过的有716种。可以说本书所载药物绝大部分是纲目未收录的民间药,或已见于当时其它医书上应用的品种,同时也包括一些进口药,如金鸡勒(即金鸡纳皮),东洋参、西洋参、鸦片烟、日精油、香草、臭草、烟草等。此书不仅丰富了纲目之遗,而且对纲目中已载品种,对其中治疗未备或根实未详者,也详加补充。在卷首列正误34条,对《本草纲目》中的欠妥和错误之处加以订正。如《本草纲目》中说,粉锡(铅粉)辛寒无毒,赵学敏则指出有妇人"服铅粉致死,手足皆黯。"说明铅粉有毒,纠正了这一错误。而且赵学敏对于《本草纲目》中分类不恰当的都加以订正。赵学敏编写《本草纲目拾遗》所引据的医药书达282家,引据的经史百家书目也达343家,包括当时罕见的钞本和珍秘本。如汪连仕的《采药书》,李草秘《海药秘录》、《百草镜》,王安卿《采药志》等。

2009年4月23日星期四

Maintain healthy on herbalism food《食疗本草》






疗本草》为唐·孟诜(612—713) 所撰。汝州染(今河南临汝)人。该书是在《千金要方》中“食治篇增订而成的记述可供食用、又能疗病的本草专著。书目见《旧唐书·艺文志》。近人范行准认为原书是孟诜《补养方》,后经张鼎增补而易此名。















此书是唐代食物药治病专书。原书早佚,仅有残卷及佚文散见于《医心方》、《证类本草》等书中,各本所存佚文出入很大。1907年敦煌出土该书残卷,存药26味。



全书共3卷。原书有条目138条,据《嘉佑本草》记载:“张鼎(唐开元间人)又补其不足者八十九种,并归为二百二十七条。皆说食药治病之效。”书中除收有许多卓有疗效的药物和单方外,还记载了某些药物禁忌。所载食疗方下均注明药性,其次分记功效、禁忌,其间或夹有形态、产地等。另有动物脏器的食疗方法和藻菌类食品的医疗应用,产妇、小儿等饮食宜忌等记述。该书是我国现存最早的食疗专著,也是世界上现存最早的食疗专著,后世多有引用,是一部研究食疗和营养学的重要文献。



从现有残存佚文看,有不少条为《唐本草》失载的药物。如荞麦、绿豆、菠菜、白苣、胡荽、鲈鱼、鳜鱼、石首鱼等,都是本书首次记载。所录波斯石蜜、高昌榆白皮等,能反映亚洲中部地区使用食疗药的情况。


《食疗本草》对研究本草文献及饮食疗法发展史,有重要参考价值。


清光绪三十三年(1907)英国人斯坦因在敦煌莫高窟中发现该书古抄本残卷,收有从石榴至芋共26种药物的条文,现存英国伦敦博物馆。1930年日本中尾万三考察、校定了该书,以《食疗本草考察》为名。全书分两编,载药241种,是近代最早的一种辑本。兹后谢海洲等重新考求了《食疗本草》流传的佚文,辑复此书。全书分三卷,共收录260种药物,并归并同类条文,校注疑误,1984年由人民卫生出版社出版。










2009年4月20日星期一

Li Shizhen 李时珍 & < Bencao Gangmu > 本草纲目





Bencao Gangmu

Bencao Gangmu (traditional Chinese: 本草綱目; simplified Chinese: 本草纲目; pinyin: Běncǎo Gāngmù; Wade-Giles: Pen-ts'ao Kang-mu), also known as Compendium of Materia Medica, is a Chinese materia medica work written by Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty. It is a work epitomizing materia medica (本草) in Ming Dynasty. The Bencao Gangmu is regarded as the most complete and comprehensive medical book ever written in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. It lists all the plants, animals, minerals, and other objects that were believed to have medicinal properties.










The Bencao Gangmu title, which Unschuld (1986:145) translates as "Materia Medica, Arranged according to Drug Descriptions and Technical Aspects," uses two Chinese compounds. Bencao ("roots and herbs; based on herbs, pharmacopeia, materia medica") combines ben (本 "root; origin; basis") and cao (草 "grass; plant; herb"). Gangmu ("detailed outline; table of contents") combines gang (綱 "main rope, hawser; main threads, essential principles") and mu (目 "eye; look; category, division").


Li Shizhen completed the first draft of the text in 1578, after conducting readings of 800 other medical reference books and carrying out 30 years of field study. For this and many other achievements Li Shizhen is being compared to the Shennong, a mythological God in Chinese myth who taught them about agriculture and herbal medicine.









2009年4月17日星期五

Shen Nong's Herbal (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing) - TCM Classic Literature



Shen Nong's Herbal (Shen nong ben cao jing) , the earliest extant treatise on Chinese materia medica.










Shen nung pen Ts'ao king (Pinyin: Shén nóng běn cǎo jīng, chin.神农本草经) is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants. Its origin has been attributed to the mythical Chinese emperor Shen nong, who was said to have lived around 2800 B.C.


It is the oldest known book on agriculture and medicinal plants. In reality, researchers hypothesize that it is a compilation of oral traditions written between about 300 B.C. and 200 A.D.


The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing: Reawakening the True Romance of Chinese Herbalism
By Dustin Siena, L.Ac., Dipl.Ac., Dipl.C.H.

......

As one glances through the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, the true beauty and romance of herbalism becomes alive. Herbs are categorized into 3 classes, superior, middle, and inferior class. Almost all of "TCM herbalism" that we are taught in school holds little resemblance to the nomenclature used in this book. It is our responsibility and duty as practitioners to read this book from cover to cover to remind ourselves of the magic that tonic herbs embody.

......







2009年4月15日星期三

Huangdi‘s Canon of Medicine - Classic Literature of TCM

Huangdi Neijing

Also known as The Inner Canon of Huangdi or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia and until today.






It is comparable in importance to the Hippocratic Corpus in Greek medicine or the works of Galen in Islamic and medieval European medicine. The work is composed of two texts each of eighty-one chapters or treatises in a question-and-answer format between the mythical Huangdi (Yellow Emperor or more correctly Yellow Thearch) and six of his equally legendary ministers.








The first text, the Suwen (素問), also known as Basic Questions, covers the theoretical foundation of Chinese Medicine and its diagnostic methods. The second and generally less referred-to text, the Lingshu (靈樞) [Spiritual Pivot], discusses acupuncture therapy in great detail.


Collectively, these two texts are known as the Neijing or Huangdi Neijing. In practice, however, the title Neijing often refers only to the more influential Suwen. Two other texts also carried the prefix Huangdi neijing in their titles: the Mingtang 明堂 ["Hall of Light"] and the Taisu 太素 ["Grand Basis"], both of which have survived only partially.